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2016年10月10日,國際學(xué)術(shù)權威刊物自然出版集團旗下子刊《Nature Methods》雜志在線(xiàn)發(fā)表了上海交通大學(xué)醫學(xué)院健康科學(xué)研究所常興研究組題為T(mén)argeted AID -mediated mutagenesis (TAM) enablesefficient genomic diversification in mammalian cells 的最新研究成果,研究報道了一種利用靶向性胞嘧啶脫氨酶在體內實(shí)現高效率和高通量的DNA堿基編輯的新方法。
單核苷酸的多樣性是遺傳多樣性的主要來(lái)源,是分子進(jìn)化的動(dòng)力和很多疾病的直接誘因。然而由于哺乳動(dòng)物基因組的高度穩定性,在哺乳動(dòng)物細胞內很難高效和高通量地誘導單核苷酸的突變,進(jìn)而研究這些突變的功能。雖然通過(guò)CRISPR等基因編輯技術(shù),可以實(shí)現較高效的DNA切割和基因敲除,但由于同源重組(HDR)的效率低下,現有的CRISPR技術(shù)對于體內構建單核苷酸突變仍處于低效階段。
靶向性AID介導的核苷酸突變(TAM)這種新的研究方法,有可能改變這一現狀。有別于絕大多數體細胞基因組,適應性免疫系統在淋巴細胞發(fā)育過(guò)程中可以進(jìn)行高效編輯,對抗原受體進(jìn)行高效突變,產(chǎn)生近乎無(wú)限的抗原受體庫,用以抵御可能的病原體入侵。受這一“突變自我”機制的啟發(fā),博士研究生馬云青和張佳元在研究員常興的指導下發(fā)現,當把核酸酶缺陷的Cas9蛋白和誘導抗體高頻突變的胞嘧啶脫氨酶AID融合后,在sgRNA靶向的基因組DNA上,胞嘧啶和鳥(niǎo)嘌呤可以隨機地向其它三個(gè)堿基轉變。這一新方法可以對細胞內的特定DNA序列進(jìn)行多樣化,完成遺傳篩選,從而分析單核苷酸突變的功能。同時(shí)在一種多肽抑制劑的輔助下,dCas9-AID可以誘導特定的胞嘧啶向胸腺嘧啶轉變,實(shí)現單堿基的精確編輯。該研究團隊進(jìn)一步證明,利用這一方法可以快速有效地模擬腫瘤細胞體內耐藥機制的異質(zhì)性,預測可能的腫瘤耐藥性突變,進(jìn)而改良小分子抑制劑和研究小分子與蛋白質(zhì)靶點(diǎn)的相互作用。該研究成果為分子進(jìn)化、基因治療和在單堿基水平上分析基因調控元件等領(lǐng)域提供新的方法。
DNA堿基編輯的新方法
原文鏈接:
Targeted AID-mediated mutagenesis (TAM) enables efficient genomic diversification in mammalian cells
原文摘要:
A large number of genetic variants have been associated with human diseases. However, the lack of a genetic diversification approach has impeded our ability to interrogate functions of genetic variants in mammalian cells. Current screening methods can only be used to disrupt a gene or alter its expression. Here we report the fusion of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) with nuclease-inactive clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (dCas9) for efficient genetic diversification, which enabled high-throughput screening of functional variants. Guided by single guide (sg)RNAs, dCas9-AID-P182X (AIDx) directly changed cytidines or guanines to the other three bases independent of AID hotspot motifs, generating a large repertoire of variants at desired loci. Coupled with a uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor, dCas9-AIDx converted targeted cytidines specifically to thymines, creating specific point mutations. By targeting BCR-ABL with dCas9-AIDx, we efficiently identified known and new mutations conferring imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Thus, targeted AID-mediated mutagenesis (TAM) provides a forward genetic tool to screen for gain-of-function variants at base resolution.
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